Neoplasias e atividade física: uma revisão sistemática sobre o papel do exercício na prevenção, tratamento e recuperação de jovens adultos
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Resumo
O câncer é uma das principais causas de morbimortalidade global e caracteriza-se como uma doença multifatorial, resultante da interação entre alterações genéticas e epigenéticas. Sua elevada incidência impõe altos custos aos sistemas de saúde, desafiando a ciência na busca por estratégias terapêuticas mais eficazes. Entre essas estratégias, a atividade física tem se destacado não apenas na prevenção primária, mas também como aliada no tratamento e na reabilitação de pacientes oncológicos. Este trabalho revisa os efeitos da prática regular de exercícios físicos sobre mecanismos biológicos envolvidos na carcinogênese e seus impactos clínicos em diferentes tipos de câncer. A revisão foi realizada em bases como National Library of Medicine (NIH) e LILACS, priorizando estudos dos últimos cinco anos que abordam processos moleculares e desfechos clínicos. Os estudos demonstram que a prática regular de exercícios influencia positivamente o ambiente celular, reduzindo mediadores inflamatórios como TNF-α e IL-6, além de modular hormônios relacionados à proliferação tumoral, como insulina, IGF-1 e estrogênio. Também há melhora da resposta imunológica e evidências de alterações epigenéticas, como metilação de genes supressores tumorais. A atividade física contribui para a redução da adiposidade, melhora da sensibilidade à insulina e equilíbrio hormonal. Embora existam controvérsias em subgrupos específicos, a maioria dos estudos aponta associação entre níveis elevados de atividade física e melhores prognósticos em pacientes com câncer. Assim, o exercício deve ser integrado às estratégias terapêuticas oncológicas, considerando as condições clínicas individuais. Essa abordagem ampliada favorece o enfrentamento mais eficaz da doença e reforça a atividade física como recurso terapêutico promissor na oncologia.
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